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After scientists confirmed that mosquitoes can transmit yellow fever and other diseases, mosquito control emerged as an important public health measure. Discover how Americans have managed mosquitoes at home and abroad through this selection of items from the NLM collection.

A photo of a paved street with people walking around

Sanitary engineering for mosquito control in Panama—before and after, June 1908

Courtesy National Library of Medicine

During construction of the Panama Canal (1904–1914), the United States instituted sanitary reforms to reduce yellow fever among workers. This photograph shows Bolivar Street in Colon, Panama, before and after it was paved to reduce mosquito breeding grounds.