National Library of Medicine

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Women physicians participate in professional dialogue when they publish their research. Discover a selection of books and articles from the NLM Digital Collections about both their scientific research and their experiences in a male-dominated field.

Title page of an article by Dr. Alice Hamilton.

“Lead Poisoning in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health, Alice Hamilton, June 1914

Dr. Alice Hamilton (1869–1970) established the field of industrial medicine in the United States. In this article, Dr. Hamilton explained why American workers are vulnerable to lead poisoning at rates higher than their peers in other countries. In addition to reviewing past research on the effects of lead poisoning in dangerous trades, Hamilton discussed the role of company physicians in protecting worker safety and health.