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Women physicians participate in professional dialogue when they publish their research. Discover a selection of books and articles from the NLM Digital Collections about both their scientific research and their experiences in a male-dominated field.
“A Proposal for a New Method of Evaluation of the Newborn Infant,” Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia, Virginia Apgar, 1953
Doctors still evaluate the health of newborn babies using the Apgar Score. In this article, Dr. Virginia Apgar (1909–1974) introduced a standardized way to determine a baby’s transition to life outside the womb. The signs used include: heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and color. Apgar had doctors check these signs one minute after birth and assign a score of 0, 1, or 2. A baby that scores a 10 is considered in the best possible health.
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